PK 

2813 

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1919 

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,\    .OLLOQUIAL 
INHALESE   READER 


;!U-:ra  a  OAiNiEL  jONES 


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UNCHESTER  UNIVERSITY  PRESS 


A  COLLOQUIAL  SINHALESE  READER 


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A  COLLOQUIAL 
SINHALESE   READER 

IN   PHONETIC   TRANSCRIPTION 


(WITH  AN  INTRODUCTION  ON  THE  PHONETICS 
OF  SINHALESE) 


BY 

H.  S.  PERERA,  B.A. 

Honorary  Assistant  in  the  Phonetics  Department,  University  College^  London 
AND 

DANIEL  JONES,  M.A. 

Reader  in  Phonetics  in  the  Uni-versity  of  London 


MANCHESTER 
AT    THE    UNIVERSITY    PRESS 

12    LIME    GROVE,  OXFORD    ROAD 

LONGMANS,    GREEN    &    CO. 

LONDON,  NEW    YORK,  BOMBAY,  ETC. 
I9I9 


Published  by  the  University  of  Manchester  at 

THE  UNIVERSITY  PRESS  (H.  M.  McKechnie,  Secretary) 

12  Lime  Grove,  Oxford  Road,  MANCHESTER 

LONGMANS,  GREEN  &  CO. 

London  :  39  Paternoster  Row 

New  York  :  443-449  Fourth  Avenue  and  Thirtieth  Street 

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Calcutta  :  6  Old  Court  House  Street 

Madras  :  167  Mount  Road 


PA 


PKEFACE 

For  the  benefit  of  readers  to  whom  phonetics  is  a  new 
subject  we  would  explain  that  phonetics  is  the  science  of 
pronunciation.  The  primary  object  of  this  science  is  to 
analyse  the  mechanism  of  speech  with  the  greatest  possible 
accuracy. 

Phonetic  theory  is  mainly- concerned  with  describing 
how  speech-sounds  are  made,  and  with  instructing  language 
learners  how  to  learn  to  produce  foreign  sounds.  Phonetic 
transcription  is  an  adjunct  to  the  study  of  phonetics.  It 
is  a  special  kind  of  writing  based  on  the  principle  "  one 
letter  per  phoneme.  "  ^  Its  object  is  to  inform  the  reader 
what  sequences  of  sounds  are  used  in  particular  words 
and  sentences. 

This  book  is  not  primarily  a  treatise  on  the  phonetics 
of  Sinhalese,  but  we  have  thought  that  a  useful  purpose 
would  be  served  by  giving  a  certain  amount  of  information 
on  this  subject  in  the  Introduction. 

Learners  of  the  language  must  remember  that  in  order 
to  profit  by  the  texts  it  is  essential  that  they  should  first 
be  able  to  make  the  isolated  Sinhalese  sounds.     To  do 

^  See  Introduction,  §  6. 

^69355 


vi        A  COLLOQUIAL  SINHALESE  READER 

this  with   complete  success  requires  a  certain   study  of 
phonetic  theory  under  the  guidance  of  a  teacher. 

Learners  of  Sinhalese  using  this  book  should  read  the 
texts  aloud,  taking  each  sentence  at  first  slowly  and 
gradually  increasing  the  speed.  They  should  endeavour 
to  work  them  up  to  the  rate  of  five  or  six  syllables  per 
second,  which  is  about  the  average  rate  at  which  a 
Sinhalese  speaks. 

H.  S.  PERERA 

DANIEL  JONES. 
University  College,  London, 
January  1919. 


CONTENTS 


Introduction — 

FAOff 

Object  of  the  Book 1 

Values  of  the  Phonetic  Symbols        ....        1 

The  Sound- Attributes — 

Length 11 

Stress 13 

Intonation 16 

Script  Forms  of  Non-Roman  Letters  ] 

y      .   facing  page  18 
Specimen  of  Phonetic  Writing             J 

Texts— 

1.  u-darata  gse:nu-lame:k 21 

2.  siqfieo       .... 

.     21 

3.  pol  gas     ...         . 

.     23 

4.  reiliu  karatieak 

.     23 

5.  setek 

.     25 

6.  reiliu  isteisamak 

.     27 

7.  nariai  kakuluoi 

.     27 

8.  ba*da:lai  ualaliai 

.     29 

9.  uatura 

.     31 

Vocabulary. 

.     33 

INTRODUCTION 

OBJECT  OF  THE  BOOK 

1.  The  object  of  this  book  is  to  record  with  the  greatest 
possible  accuracy  one  form  of  colloquial  Sinhalese.  The 
form  chosen  is  that  used  by  the  first  author  in  ordinary 
talking. 

2.  From  observations  he  has  made  on  the  speech  of 
others,  he  has  reason  to  believe  this  style  of  speech  to  be 
fairly  representative  of  the  colloquial  language  of  the 
better  educated  inhabitants  of  Colombo.  It  is,  of  course, 
quite  different  from  the  literary  language. 

3.  It  is  hoped  that  this  record  will  prove  helpful  to 
those  who  wish  to  learn  to  speak  colloquial  Sinhalese,  as 
well  as  to  those  interested  in  general  phonetics. 


VALUES  OF  THE  PHONETIC  SYMBOLS 

Sounds  and  Phonemes 

4.|A  speech-sound  is  a  sound  of  definite  acoustic  quality 
produced  by  the  organs  of  speech.  A  given  speech-sound 
is  incapable  of  variation. 

5.  Most  languages  contain  a  very  large  number  of 
1  B 


2         A  COLLOQUIAL  SINHALESE  READER 

distinguishable  speech-sounds.  But  fortunately  it  is  not 
necessary  in  phonetic  writing  to  have  separate  symbols 
ioc  each  sonnd^  owing  to  the  fact  that  many  of  the  sounds 
fall  into  groups  called  phonemes. 

6.  A  phoneme  is  defined  as  a  group  of  related  sounds 
of  a  given  language  which  are  so  used  in  connected 
speech  that  no  one  of  them  ever  occurs  in  positions  which 
any  other  can  occupy. 

7.  Thus  the  k's  in  the  English  words  keep^  callj  are 
distinct  speech-sounds,  but  they  belong  to  the  same 
phoneme  (the  English  k-phoneme).  This  is  because  the 
first  variety  of  k  only  occurs  before  the  sound  i:,  and  the 
second  does  not  occur  in  that  position  in  English.  The 
two  kinds  of  k  can  without  ambiguity  be  written  with 
the  same  letter  (k)  in  phonetic  writing.  Likewise  the 
n's  in  the  Sinhalese  words  kanida  ("hill"),  kanitiid 
("  mound  "),  are  different  sounds,  but  they  belong  to  the 
same  phoneme,  viz.  the  Sinhalese  n-phoneme.  The  first 
kind  of  n  only  occurs  in  Sinhalese  before  t  and  d ;  the 
second  only  occurs  before  t  and  "d. 

8.  Speech-sounds  which  belong  to  the  same  phoneme 
cannot  distinguish  one  word  from  another;  failure  to 
distinguish  them  on  the  part  of  a  foreign  learner  may 
cause  him  to  speak  with  a  foreign  accent,  but  it  will  not 
as  a  rule  make  his  words  unintelligible.  On  the  other 
hand,  if  the  foreign  learner  confuses  one  phoneme  with 
another,  he  will  confuse  different  words  of  the  language. 

9.  It  is  generally  only  necessary  in  phonetic  writing 
to  have  symbols  for  the  phonemes.  The  use  of  the 
different  sounds  belonging  to  any  given  phoneme  is,  in 
most  languages,  determined  by  simple  rules  which  can  be 
stated  once  for  all,  and  which  can  be  taken  for  granted 
in  reading  phonetic  texts. 


INTRODUCTION 


The  Sinhalese  Phonemes 


10.  The  colloquial  Sinhalese  language  contains  twenty- 
eight  essential  phonemes.  There  are  also  two  non- 
essential phonemes  (bracketed  in  the  following  list), 
which  occur  only  in  borrowed  foreign  words;  they  are 
not  used  by  all  speakers. 

11.  The  phonemes  are  represented  in  International 
Phonetic  notation  by  the  letters  p,  b,  t,  d,  t,  -d/  k,  g,  ^, 
<%,  m,  n,  I),  1,  r,  (f),  s,  (J),  &,  u,  j,  i,  e,  se,  S,  a,  a,  o,  u,  a. 

12.  Several  of  these  phonemes  include  more  than  on© 
sound,  e.g,  the  n-phoneme  (§  23),  the  s-phoneme  (§  28), 
the  m-phoneme  (§  45),  the  g-phoneme  (§  46).  In  what 
follows,  the  term  "the  Sinhalese  sound  so-and-so"  is  to 
be  taken  to  mean  the  normal  value  of  the  Sinhalese 
phoneme. 

Formation  of  the  Sinhalese  Sounds 

13.  The  most  typical  sounds  belonging  to  each 
Sinhalese  phoneme  are  indicated  roughly  in  Table  I. 
(p.  4). 

^  The  symbols  t,  "d,  liave  been  used  for  the  retroflex  plosives,  as 
these  signs  can  be  shown  on  psychological  grounds  to  be  superior 
to  the  conventional  t,  d. 


[Table 


z, 
o 

w 

1^ 

<J 
W 

O 

H 


3 

(£} 

;2 

05 

c» 

m       o 

1    »   « 

•^ 

1 
1 

111 

*^% 

1 

fl 

i^ 

u 

QQ 

1 

■p 

"3 

i 

Pi 

B 

h 

P 

ss 

1 

1 

<1 

;! 

1 
s 

^ 

1 

* 

1 

1 
m 

i       1 

•SIJSIVNOSNOO 

INTRODUCTION 


TABLE  II. 

Tongue-Positions  of  Sinhalese  Vowels 


Front 


A  diagram  illustrating  the  tongue-positions  of  the  Sinhalese  vowels,  by- 
reference  to  the  Cardinal  Vowels.  (The  dots  indicate  the  positions 
of  the  highest  point  of  the  tongue. ) 

Cardinal  Vowels,  Uack. 
Sinhalese  Vowels,  red. 

14.  The  formation  of  the  vowels  is  shown  with 
greater  precision  in  Table  II.  (above).  In  this  diagram 
the  tongue -positions  of  the  vowels  are  compared  with 
those  of  the  eight  Cardinal  Vowels.  Any  student  who 
is  familiar  with  the  Cardinal  Vowels  will  get  from  this 


6         A  COLLOQUIAL  SINHALESE  READER 

diagram  a  good  idea  of  how  the  Sinhalese  vowels  are 
formed  and  what  they  sound  like.  A  similar  diagram 
for  English  vowels  will  be  found  at  the  beginning  of 
D.  Jones'  English  Pronouncing  Dictionary} 

[Note. — For  the  benefit  of  those  not  yet  familiar  with 
the  Cardinal  Vowels  it  may  be  stated  that  the  Cardinal 
Vowels  are  certain  vowel-sounds  which  have  fixed  tongue- 
positions  and  known  acoustic  qualities.  The  tongue- 
positions  are  described  in  books  on  phonetics.  The 
acoustic  qualities  have  been  recorded  on  gramophone 
records.^ 

To  learn  the  Cardinal  Vowels  requires  oral  instruction 
from  a  teacher  who  knows  them.  The  student  may  with 
advantage  supplement  this  teaching  by  a  study  of  the 
gramophone  records.  If  no  suitable  teacher  is  available, 
the  student  must  manage  as  well  as  he  can  with  the 
gramophone  records  and  such  explanations  of  the  tongue 
and  lip  positions  as  are  to  be  found  in  books. 

A  thorough  knowledge  of  a  system  of  Cardinal  Vowels 
is  indispensable  for  anyone  who  wishes  to  acquire  a  first- 
rate  pronunciation  of  languages  for  which  phonetically 
trained  teachers  are  not  to  be  had.] 


Supplementary  Details  regarding  the  Sounds 
and  their  formation 

15.  All  the  descriptions  given  here  are  subject  to  the 
genera]  remark  in  §  43. 

^  J.  M.  Dent  k  Co.,  London. 

2  Two  records  of  the  Cardinal  Vowels  have  been  made  by  the 
Gramophone  Company,  Hayes,  Middlesex.  They  are  numbered  B  804 
in  the  Company's  catalogue,  and  they  are  issued  as  one  double- 
sided  record,  price  3s.  6d. 


INTRODUCTION 


1.  Consonants 


16.  The  voiceless  plosives  (p,  t,  t,  k)  are  generally 
(but  not  necessarily)  followed  by  a  slight  "aspiration," 
as  in  normal  English. 

Initial  voiced  plosives  (b,  d,  ti,  g)  are  only  slightly  voiced. 

17.  p,  b.  Articulation  as  in  English. 

18.  t,  d.  True  dentals,  not  alveolar  sounds  like  the 
English  t,  d.  In  pronouncing  the  Sinhalese  sounds  the 
tip  of  the  tongue  just  shows  beyond  the  edge^of  the 
upper  teeth. 

19.  %  "d  have  their  point  of  articulation  a  little 
further  back  than  that  of  the  English  t,  d,  but  not  so  far 
back  as  that  of  the  Tamil  retroflex  ("  cerebral ")  sounds. 

20.  k,  g.  Articulation  as  in  English. 

21.  tfi<%.  Affricates,  somewhat  similar  to  the  English 
sounds  of  ch  and  j  in  churchy  joy ;  they  are  not  accompanied 
by  lip-rounding. 

22.  m.  As  in  English. 

23.  n.  This  Sinhalese  phoneme  includes  four  distinct 
sounds.  The  most  typical  sound  is  alveolar  (as  in 
English).  A  dental  variety  is  used  when  t  or  d  follows. 
A  post-alveolar  variety  is  used  when  t  or  "d  follows.  A 
somewhat  palatalized  variety  is  used  in  the  group  nj. 

The  presence  of  these  varieties  being  always  deter- 
mined by  the  nature  of  the  following  sound,  it  is  not 
necessary  to  indicate  them  by  special  signs  in  phonetic 
transcriptions. 

24.  g.  The  English  sound  of  ng,  as  in  long, 

25.  1.  A  variety  of  1  with  medium  resonance,  about  as 
in  English  learn  (not  as  in  feel). 

26.  r.  The  normal  Sinhalese  variety  of  r  is  "flapped," 
Le,  it  is  the  sound  arrived  at  if  rolled  r  (which  is  a  series 


8         A  COLLOQUIAL  SINHALESE  READER 

of  taps  of  the  tip  of  the  tongue  against  the  "  teeth-ridge  ") 
is  reduced  to  one  single  tap.  Sinhalese  r,  though  more 
usually  flapped,  is  often  reduced  to  the  corresponding 
fricative  sound  x  (j  is  similar  to  the  English  variety  of 
r  heard  in  draw,) 

27.  F.  "Bi-labial/."  Similar  to  the  sound  made  in  blow- 
ing something  to  cool  it.  In  Sinhalese  it  only  occurs  in 
borrowed  words  of  European  origin,  and  in  interjections. 

28.  s.  The  Sinhalese  s-phoneme  includes  three  main 
varieties — the  normal,  the  advanced,  the  retracted.  All 
are  a  kind  of  slightly  "  lisped "  s,  i.e.  a  sound  inter- 
mediate in  character  between  the  English  s  and  the 
English  9  {th  as  in  thin).  The  advanced  variety  (used  only 
before  t  and  d)  has  a  point  of  articulation  further  forward 
than  the  typical  value ;  the  retracted  variety  (used  only 
before  t  and  xl)  has  a  point  of  articulation  further  back 
than  the  typical  value.^  The  Sinhalese  s-sounds  probably 
differ  from  English  s  by  leaving  a  wider  air-channel  at 
the  point  of  articulation;  it  is  also  probable  that  the 
"  front "  of  the  tongue  is  a  shade  flatter  than  in  English. 

29.  S  resembles  the  English  sound  of  sh,  but  is  not 
accompanied  by  lip-rounding.  This  sound  is  only  used 
in  borrowed  foreign  words,  chiefly  words  borrowed  from 
Sanscrit.  In  this  book  such  words  are  written  with  s, 
this  being  the  more  usual  pronunciation. 

30.  ^.  A  partially  or  completely  "voiced"  h.  As  h 
in  the  English  word  inherent,  when  said  quickly. 

31.  1).  A  weak  glide-sound,  in  the  normal  form  of 
which  the  tongue  starts  in  a  neutral  vowel  position  (as 
for  a)  and  the  lips  start  close  together  but  not  quite  in 
complete  contact.  This  position  is  not  maintained  for 
any  appreciable  time,  but  the  tongue  and  lips  immediately 

1  Compare  the  s's  in  istaraij  ("  excellent  "),  istesoma  ("  station  "). 


INTRODUCTION  9 

proceed  to  the  position  of  the  following  vowel.     There 
is  no  perceptible  friction  accompanying  the  sound. 

The  Sinhalese  sound  u  might  be  regarded  as  a  sort  of 
frictionless  voiced  correspondent  to  f. 

32.  J.  The  English  sound  of  y  in  yes.  This  is  another 
frictionless  glide-sound.  The  tongue  starts  at  or  near 
the  position  of  the  vowel  i  and  immediately  proceeds  to 
the  position  of  the  following  vowel. 

2.   Vowels 

33.  i.  When  long,  the  Sinhalese  i  has  a  tongue- 
position  slightly  lower  than  and  retracted  from  Cardinal 
Vowel  No.  1  (see  Table  II.).  It  is  thus  similar  to  the 
most  usual  English  sound  of  ee  in  see]  the  Sinhalese 
sound  is,  however,  a  pure  one  (not  diphthongized  as  so 
frequently  in  English). 

When  short,  the  Sinhalese  i  has  a  tongue-position  a 
shade  lower  than  that  of  the  long  sound ;  but  the  differ- 
ence in  quality  between  the  short  and  long  sounds  is  not 
so  great  as  between  the  English  vowels  in  see  and  sit. 

34.  e.  When  short,  approximately  as  in  the  English 
word  get  (average  educated  Southern  English  pronuncia- 
tion). When  long,  the  tongue-position  is  a  shade  higher 
than  this ;  the  difference  is,  however,  slight  (see  Table  II.). 

35.  SB.  Situated  almost  midway  between  Cardinal 
Vowels  Nos.  3  and  4  (see  Table  II.).  The  sound  is  very 
similar  to  the  Southern  English  sound  of  a  in  cat. 

36.  se.  A  nasalized  ».  Resembles  the  French  sound 
of  in  in  fin, 

37.  a.  When  long,  the  phoneme  has  a  value  about 
half-way  between  Cardinal  Vowels  Nos.  4  and  5.  The 
tongue-position  is  thus  slightly  in  advance  of  the  most 
usual  value  of  English  a  in  father. 


10       A  COLLOQUIAL  SINHALESE  EEADER 

When  short,  the  phoneme  has  a  value  a  little  nearer 
to  Cardinal  Vowel  No.  4  (see  Table  IL). 

38.  a.  A  nasalized  a. 

39.  0.  Two  varieties  of  o  are  distinguishable  in  Sin- 
halese, one  of  which  is  used  when  the  vowel  is  long  and 
the  other  when  it  is  short.  Both  varieties  are  situated 
between  Cardinal  Vowels  Nos.  6  and  7,  the  short  one 
being  nearer  to  No.  6  and  the  long  one  nearer  to  No.  7 
(see  Table  IL).  The  lip-rounding  is  weak.  Both  sounds 
are  quite  distinct  from  all  the  English  o-sounds.^ 

40.  u.  When  long,  Sinhalese  u  has  a  tongue-position 
rather  lower  than  and  probably  slightly  advanced  from 
Cardinal  Vowel  No.  8  (see  Table  II. ).  The  lip-rounding 
is  weak.  It  must  thus  be  carefully  distinguished  from 
the  numerous  English  ways  of  pronouncing  oo  in  too. 
In  particular,  the  Sinhalese  u,  unlike  the  English 
phoneme,  has  no  tendency  towards  diphthongization. 

When  the  vowel  is  short,  the  tongue  -  position  is 
probably  a  little  lower  still,  and  the  lip-rounding  is  still 
less  than  for  the  long  sound  (see  Table  II. ).  The  Sin- 
halese short  u  is  something  like  the  Southern  English 
vowel  in  put^  but  it  has  rather  less  lip-rounding  than  this. 

41.  a.  A  "central"  vowel,  similar  to  the  English 
sound  of  a  in  along. 

Diphthongs 

42.  The  following  diphthongs  occur  in  Sinhalese  : 

e:i,  ei,  sei,  ai,  oil,  oi,  u:i,  ui,  iu,  eu,  seiu,  seu,  au,  o:u,  ou,  ae. 

Under-Articulation  of  Unstressed  Syllables 

43.  Unstressed  syllables  are  very  laxly  articulated 
in  Sinhalese.     During  the  pronunciation  of  such  syllables 

^  Many  Scotch  people  use  Cardinal  Vowel  No.  6  in  hot  and  Cardinal 
Vowel  No.  7  in  home. 


INTRODUCTION  11 

the  tongue  and  lips  seem  to  make  the  absolute  minimum 
of  motion  necessary  for  rendering  the  sounds  recognizable 
and  the  words  intelligible. 

44.  Most  of  the  Sinhalese  phonemes  contain  special 
sounds  generated  by  this  tendency  to  reduce  tongue  and 
lip  motions  to  a  minimum. 

45.  Thus  in  intervocalic  m  the  lips  do  not  always 
quite  meet ;  in  other  words  intervocalic  m  is  often  re- 
placed by  a  nasalized  u  (0).  For  instance,  name  denek 
("  nine  persons  ")  is  often  pronounced  nat5a  denek.  Again 
intervocalic  u,  as  in  anideDenaua  ("I  dress,"  trans.),  is 
often  reduced  to  a  hardly  perceptible  movement  of  the 
lips.  So  also  the  j  in  such  a  group  as  -aja-  does  not 
nearly  reach  the  i-position. 

46.  Intervocalic  d  tends  to  become  the  corresponding 
fricative  8  weakly  pronounced ;  ^  intervocalic  g  tends 
either  to  become  the  corresponding  fricative  g  (weakly 
pronounced)  or  to  disappear  altogether.  Thus  sedagana 
("pulling")  tends  to  become  aeSagana  or  aebaana.  sege 
("  hers  ")  is  usually  pronounced  see  in  conversation. 

47.  Intervocalic  n  can  sometimes  be  scarcely  heard. 
Thus  baninaua  ("  I  abuse  ")  is  often  pronounced  almost, 
if  not  quite,  bainaua. 


THE  SOUND-ATTRIBUTES  IN  SINHALESE 

Length 

48.  Length  is  a  very  important  element  of  speech  in 
Sinhalese.     All  vowels  and  most  consonants  occur  both 
long  and  short,  and  many  words  are  distinguished  by  the 
presence  or  absence  of  length  in  a  vowel  or  a  consonant. 
^  6  is  the  English  sound  of  th  in  t?ien. 


12       A  COLLOQUIAL  SINHALESE  READER 

Compare  : 

goina  ("  deer  ")  gona  ("  bull ") 

»:ta  ("  to  her  ")  seto  ("  bones  ") 

pairs  ("  road  ")  para  ("  of  low  character  ") 

katie  ("  bitter  ")  kata  («  mouth  ") 

kanida  ("  hill ")  kaiida  ("  trunk  ") 

malia  ("  bag  ")  mala  ("  flower  ") 

49.  When  sounds  are  long,  the  fact  is  indicated  where 
necessary  in  the  phonetic  transcriptions  by  placing  the 
mark  :  immediately  after  the  symbol  of  the  sound. 
Placed  after  the  symbol  of  a  plosive  consonant  the 
mark  :  is  to  be  taken  to  indicate  prolongation  of  the 
"  stop  "  of  that  consonant. 

50.  In  most  cases  length  is  a  "significant"  element 
of  speech  in  Sinhalese ;  its  use  is  not  regulated  by  any 
rules.  In  the  following  special  cases,  however,  rules  can 
be  formulated. 

51.  (1)  Terminal  consonants  of  words  are  always 
long,  e.g.  the  t  of  anit  ("the  other"),  the  g  of  mai)  ("I"). 
In  consequence  of  this  rule,  it  is  possible  to  simplify  the 
phonetic  transcription  by  omitting  the  length-mark  in 
these  cases. 

52.  (2)  Terminal  vowels  of  words  may  be  pronounced 
either  long  or  short  at  pleasure,  except  in  a  few  words 
where  the  vowel  is  always  long.  In  the  phonetic 
transcriptions  no  length-mark  is  placed  after  such  vowels, 
except  in  those  words  in  which  the  length  is  essential 
(e.g.  gei,  ridii). 

53.  In  the  groups  mb,  nd,  n-d,  gg,  nj,  the  first  con- 
sonant is  sometimes  long  (and  is  so  marked  in  the 
phonetic  transcriptions)  and  sometimes  exceedingly  short. 
As  it  happens  to  be  very  unnatural  for  English  people 


INTRODUCTION  13 

to  make  nasal  consonants  short  in  such  positions,  we  have 
thought  it  desirable  to  mark  the  shortness  specially,  by 
placing  the  mark  ^  over  the  symbols  of  these  sounds, 
thus,  tiab,  nd,  ii-d,  gg,  iij.  (This  mark  is  really  superfluous, 
and  should  be  omitted  when  the  simplest  type  of  phonetic 
transcript  is  desired.) 

54.  In  all  other  medial  consonant -groups  (such  as 
ku,  Ig,  lu,  mp,  st)  the  first  of  the  two  consonants  is  always 
long.  It  is  not  necessary  to  mark  this  length  in  phonetic 
transcriptions. 

55.  The  groups  mh,  hdy  urd,  gg,  nj,  are  felt  by  Sin- 
halese speakers  to  belong  syllabically  to  what  follows. 
Thus  the  word  fiuggak  (**much")  is  divided  syllabic- 
ally  thus  fiu-ggak. 

Stress 

56.  Stress  (force-accent)  is  not  a  "  significant "  element 
of  speech  in  Sinhalese.  In  other  words,  it  is  not  possible 
to  convert  one  Sinhalese  word  into  another  by  altering 
the  position  of  the  stress. 

57.  Stress  may  be  represented,  when  necessary,  by 
placing  the  mark  '  at  the  beginning  of  the  stressed 
syllable. 

58.  All  stress  in  Sinhalese  is  weak,  i.e.  the  difference 
in  force  between  stressed  and  unstressed  syllables  is  not 
so  great  as  in  English.  It  is  sometimes  quite  difficult  to 
say  which  syllables  in  a  sentence  are  stressed. 

Word-Stress 

59.  If  a  word  of  more  than  one  syllable  requires  to  be 
stressed  in  the  sentence,  the  speaker  may  put  the  stress 
on   any  syllable   he  likes.      There   are    no  strict   rules 


14       A  COLLOQUIAL  SINHALESE  READER 

regulating  the  position  of  the  stress  in  words  of  two  or 
more  syllables.  There  are,  however,  certain  tendencies, 
of  which  the  principal  are  described  below. 

60.  In  what  follows,  the  term  "  long  syllable  "  is  used 
to  denote  a  syllable  containing  either  (1)  a  long  vowel,  or 
(2)  a  diphthong,  or  (3)  a  short  vowel  followed  by  two  con- 
sonants, or  (4)  a  short  vowel  followed  by  a  long  consonant. 
For  the  purposes  of  syllable  length,  the  groups  mb,  nd, 
ii*d,  5g,  iij,  count  as  single  consonants. 

6L  Tendency  No.  1. — If  there  is  one  long  syllable  in  a 
word,  there  is  a  tendency  to  put  the  stress  on  that  long 
syllable. 

62.  Thus  there  is  a  tendency  to  stress  the  first  syllable 
of  'inxaua  ("to  be"),  'gaeinulamea  ("girl"),  the  second 
syllable  of  bo'fioidenek  ("many"),  mi'nisiu  ("men"), 
the  third  syllable  of  piti'pasie  ("behind"),  dava'sakda 
("  one  day  "),  the  fourth  syllable  of  kakulu'anita  ("  to 
the  crabs  "),  the  fifth  syllable  of  pirimila'meik  ("  boy  "). 

63.  Tendency  No,  2. — If  there  are  two  or  more  long 
syllables  in  a  word,  there  is  a  tendency  to  stress  the  first 
of  those  long  syllables. 

64.  Thus  there  is  a  tendency  to  stress  the  first  syllable 
of  'gseinulameik  ("girl"),  'pasiemda  ("on  the  following 
day  "),  'patialeite  ("to  the  workshop"),  'nseuuaima  ("when 
bent"),  and  the  second  syllable  of  mi'niszuijige  ("of 
men  "),  eleuuaima  ("  when  driven  "). 

65.  Tendency  No.  3. — If  a  word  consists  of  two  short 
syllables,  the  tendency  is  to  stress  the  first  syllable. 

66.  Thus  there  is  a  tendency  to  stress  'bseri  ("  cannot ") 
on  the  first  syllable. 

67.  Tendency  No.  4. — If  there  is  no  long  syllable  in  a 
word  of  three  or  more  syllables,  the  tendency  is  to  stress 
either  the  first  syllable  of  the  word,  or  the  second  syllable, 


INTRODUCTION  15 

or  to  distribute  the  stress    equally  over  the  first  two 
syllables. 

68.  Thus  pirimi  ("male")  is  generally  pronounced 
either  'pirimi  or  pi'rimi  or  'pi'rimi,  mufiunokara  ("without 
mixing")  is  generally  pronounced  either  'mufiunokara  or 
mu'fiunokara  or  'mu'fiunokara  (whenever  it  is  felt  to  be  a 
single  word). 

Sentence-Stress 

69.  In  the  sentence,  the  most  important  words  from 
the  point  of  view  of  meaning  receive  stress.  Less 
important  words  tend  to  lose  such  stress  as  they  would 
have  if  said  alone. 

70.  Thus  in  the  sentence  'menia  loku  'pintuireak 
("here  is  a  large  picture"),  mema  ("here  is")  and 
pintuireak  ("picture")  are  stressed,  while  loku  ("large") 
has  no  stress. 

71.  The  words  which  appear  important  to  a  Sinhalese 
are  not  necessarily  those  which  a  European  might  be 
inclined  to  regard  as  important.  Thus  many  English 
people  would  be  inclined  to  stress  loku  in  the  above 
sentence. 

Ehythm 

72.  Whenever  possible,  the  rapidity  of  saying  the 
unstressed  syllables  in  a  Sinhalese  sentence  is  so  arranged 
as  to  make  the  stresses  follow  each  other  at  approximately 
equal  intervals  of  time.  The  result  is  to  give  a  marked 
rhythmical  character  to  the  language.  Sometimes  an 
extraordinary  number  of  syllables  are  crowded  into  one 
"  stress  bar,"  in  order  to  eifect  the  equality  of  intervals. 

73.  The  usage  is  best  illustrated  by  appending  a 
musical  notation  to  Sinhalese  sentences.     Thus  : 


16       A  COLLOQUIAL  SINHALESE  EEADEE 

Hrmm  rm  nrmm 

'men:a  |  'pirimi  lamea  { 'metre  wdd  \  'danagafiagano  { Inrava. 
("  Here  the  boy  is  kneeling  on  the  mattress.") 

mm  n 

'epita  penena  {  'kan:de. 
("  On  the  hill  in  the  distance.") 

Intonation 

74.  Intonation  (voice-pitch)  is  not  a  "significant" 
element  of  speech  in  Sinhalese ;  that  is  to  say,  words  are 
not  distinguished  by  pitch  as  they  are,  for  instance,  in 
Chinese.^  Intonation  is  not  even  used  to  any  large 
extent  for  conveying  "expression"  or  subtle  shades  of 
meaning,  as  in  English.  (Sinhalese  has  an  elaborate 
system  of  particles  which  answers  this  purpose.) 

75.  Nevertheless  intonation  must  be  attended  to  by 
the  learner  of  the  language,  otherwise  his  speech  will 
sound  strange. 

76.  Intonation  is  best  represented  by  a  system  of  dots 
and  lines  placed  in  reference  to  two  horizontal  lines 
indicating  the  upper  and  lower  limits  of  the  ordinary 
speaking  voice.  The  dots  represent  approximately  level 
pitches,  and  the  lines  represent  rising  or  falling  pitches. 
Each  dot  or  line  has  reference  to  one  syllable. 

77.  Sinhalese  intonation  has  not  yet  been  fully  in- 

1  Except  in  a  few  isolated  cases.  Thus  the  sound  m  pronounced 
with  a  high  rising  pitch  means  '*eh?";  pronounced  with  a  low 
falling  pitch  it  means  "all  right."  Both  words  are  very  common. 
The  former  may  be  distinguished  in  writing  when  necessary  by  adding 
a  rising  pitch  mark  '  (m). 


INTRODUCTION  17 

vestigated,  but  the  main  features  appear  to  be  as  described 
below. 

78.  The  normal  complete  Sinhalese  sentence  has  an 
intonation  of  this  type  : 


79.  This  typical  intonation  is  so  placed  that  the  high 
rising  pitch  /  is  somewhere  on  what  may  be  considered 
the  most  important  word  in  the  sentence ;  it  is  immaterial 
where  that  word  may  be  in  the  sentence. 

80.  The  following  are  examples  : 


e:gol:o  tse:g:ak  arai)  a:\)a. 
(**They  came  bringing  a  present.") 


.  y 


mai)  gam9t9  gie  nse. 
("I  did  not  go  to  the  village.") 

— — ! ^ « « a *         *     • 

gifiin  tienauaida  ihba  kolaiiibdta  ? 
("  Have  you  been  to  Colombo  1 ") 
_ 

! •—! i__! • 

ihba  me:k3  kala  ne:d9  ? 

("  Didn't  you  do  this  ? ") 


/ 


e:k3  ksB-dune  nse  neida  ? 
("Didn't  it  break?") 

C 


18       A  COLLOQUIAL  SINHALESE  READER 

81.  In  many  sentences  diiferent  speakers  might  feel 
different  words  to  be  the  most  important.  Consequently 
there  is  often  much  latitude  in  the  choice  of  the  word 
which  is  to  receive  the  high  rising  pitch.  For  instance, 
in  the  sentence  gifiin  tienauaida  tiaba  kolatibibata  ?  some 
might  put  the  high  rising  pitch  on  gifiin  and  others  might 
put  it  on  kol9mb8t9  instead  of  on  tienaDaxda  as  above. 

82.  Moreover  it  appears  that  the  high  rising  pitch 
may  be  placed  on  any  one  of  the  syllables  of  the 
important  word.  Thus  considering  tienavaida  to  be  the 
most  important  word  in  the  above  sentence,  the  following 
intonations  are  possible,  in  addition  to  that  indicated 
in  §77. 


•  • 

y 

gifiin 

tienauaida  ihbd  kolailibata  ? 

•  • 

•    •  "^   • 

gifiin 

tienauaidd  xhba  koldx^bdta  ? 

•   • 

.  ••"    

gifiin  tienavaida  mba  kolambata  ? 


SCRIPT  FORMS  OF  NON-ROMAN  LETTERS 


SPECIMEN  OF  PHONETIC  WRITING 
(First  Four  Lines  of  Text  1) 

ckaiieJm92i/y^  nil  tuntT- aoMi 

ITofacep.  18 


TEXTS 


10 


ENGLISH   TKANSLATION 


1.  An  Up-country  Girl 

Here's  an  up-country  |  small  girl.  She  |  "dam"  ^colour 
"  ofiario  "  ^  and  |  white  jacket  and  |  red  cloth  |  is  wearing. 

On  her  hands  bracelets  and  |  in  her  ears  earrings  | 
there  are.  She  |  behind  the  house  |  is  in  the  garden. 
The  walls  of  the  house  are  white.  To  the  doors  and 
windows  |  blue  paint  |  has  been  rubbed. 

Many  men  |  are  going  on  the  road.  From  Dumbara 
to  Kandy  |  how  an  elephant  is  being  brought  |  the  small 
girl  I  is  looking.  On  the  elephant's  back  |  a  man  is. 
Holding  its  trunk  |  another  |  is  going  on  foot.  On  the 
two  sides  of  the  road  |  there  are  houses.  On  the  hill 
appearing  in  the  distance  |  a  beautiful  bungalow  |  is. 
Bather  than  being  near  the  road  |  to  be  in  the  bungalow 
on  the  hill  |  the  girl  wishes.  You  wish  |  in  which  place 
to  be? 

2.  Lions 

Here  |  a  lion  and  lioness  and  three  little  ones  |  are. 
To  the  goat's  little  one  |  "  elupsetia  "  |  as  we  say,  [so]  to 
the  lion's  little  one,  "  sirjifiapaetia  "  |  we  say. 

The  lioness  |  stretched  on  the  ground  |  is.  The  large 
lion  I  behind  |  is    standing.      One   little   lion  |  near   the 

^  The  name  of  a  berry. 
*  The  cloth  thrown  over  the  shoulder  in  the  woman's  dress. 

20 


SINHALESE 

1.  u*darat8  gaemu-lameik 

men:9  utiarata  |  pun^i  gaeinu-lameik.  ea  |  damipaita 
ofiariokut  sudu  fisetiekut  ratu  rediokut  |  seftdola  tienaua. 

eae  atuala  ualalut  |  kaquab  arugigalut  |  tienaua.  ea 
j  get9  pitipasieq  |  midule  iniaua.  gei  bitii  sudui.  uluahau 
^aneikualata  |  nil  tiinta  |  gaila  tienaua. 

minisiu  bofioidenek  |  paire  janaua.  dumibara  fiita 
nuarata  |  setek  genajana  fiaeti  |  pun^i  gseinu-lamea  | 
balaigana  iniaua.  setaige  pita  u'da  |  minifiek  iniaua. 
fiofi'dai59ela  aliagana  |  tauat  ekienek  |  paiq  ]anaua.  paira 
depsetie  |  geual  tienaua.  epita  penena  kanide  |  lasiana 
barjigalaiuak  |  tienaua.  pairata  kitiua  in:aua:ta  ua*da  | 
kanida  U'da  bar)  igalaiue  in:*da  |  gaeinu-lamea  kaemati.  mba 
ksemati  |  kofie  inixiada  ? 


2.  siqfieo 

menia  |  siqfieikut  siqfiadenekut  |  paetau  tunidenekut 
I  iniaua.  eluage  psetiata  |  elupsetia  kia  |  kianaua  uage  | 
sirjfieage  psetiata  |  sirjfiapaetia  kia  |  api  kianaua. 

sirjfiadena  |  bima  digaiuela  |  iniaua.  loku  siqfiea  | 
iita    pitipasieq  |  fiitagana    iniaua.       eka    siqfiapsetiek  | 

21 


22       A  COLLOQUIAL  SINHALESE  READER 

mother  (  is  lying  on  the  ground.  The  other  two  |  is 
playing. 

The  lion's,  lioness's,  the  little  ones'  |  eyes,  ears,  tails  | 
appear  to  us. 

Two  children  standing  on  a  side  |  at  these  animals  | 
how  they  are  looking  (  you  see,  is  it  not?  Those 
children  |  are  Sinhalese  children.  One  |  is  a  girl.  The 
other  I  is  a  boy. 

3.  Coconut  Trees 

Here  are  some  coconut  trees.  A  man  is  climbing  one. 
In  it  many  coconuts  |  are.  Away  from  the  trees  |  there 
is  water.  The  water  appearing  between  the  trees  |  is  of 
a  red  colour. 

The  grass  is  green.  The  leaves  of  trees  are  also  of 
that  colour.     But  |  "  taembili "  ^  coconuts  |  are  red. 

To  the  cart  |  two  bulls  is  tied.  Near  the  bulls  |  a 
man  is.  The  pair  of  bulls  is  white.  The  cart  is  a  "  bara 
karatieak."  ^ 

Now  let  us  count  the  coconut  trees.  Six  trees  are 
very  near.  Sixteen  |  because  they  are  very  far  off  | 
appear  small.  In  all  the  trees  |  "  how  many  nuts  there 
are  "  |  do  you  think  1 

4.  A  Railway  Carriage 

Here  |  to  a  railway  carriage  |  men  are  entering. 
They  |  unlike  the  men  of  our  country  |  are  people  having 
a  different  colour  and  dress.  Mother,  father,  son  and 
daughter  |  are  in  it.     They  are  English. 

The  father  is  wearing  a  hat.     He  |  is  looking  at  the 

time  by  his  watch.     The  girl  is  seated.     How  she  has 

the  doll  beside  her  |  look.     She  is  pulling  the  window 

curtain. 

^  The  name  of  a  particular  kind  of  coconut. 
^  The  name  of  a  special  kind  of  cart. 


TEXTS  23 

mau  laqga  |  bimo  pereli  inioua.  anidienia  |  sehaij-ksra- 
na\}a. 

fiiqfieaiget  siqfiodenaget  psetauurjiget  |  ses  |  karj  |  ualga 
I  apa*t9  penenoua. 

lamai  deniek  |  paetiokiij  fiitagana  |  me  satun  difia  | 
balaigana  inia  fiaeti  |  mbalaita  penenaua  |  neida  ?  e:  lamai 
I  sirjfiab  lamai.  ekienek  |  gseinulameik.  anitiekiena  | 
pirimi  lameik. 


3.  pol  gas 

memo  pol  gas  uaigeak.  miniliek  gafiakota  ]aneua. 
e:ke  |  pol  gedi  fiuqgak  |  tienoua.  gasuabta  efiair)  |  uaturo 
tienoua.     gas  atarem  peneno  uaturo  |  ratu  paitai. 

tanokob  nil  paitai.  gasuala  kolat  e  paitai.  numut  | 
tsembili  pol  |  ratu  paitai. 

karatiet9  |  goni  deniek  bsendola  tienoua.  gon  la^ga  | 
minifiek  iniaua.  gomi-baina  sudui.  karatie  bara 
karatieak. 

dsem  pol  gas  ganai^keramu.  gas  fiajak  bofiomo 
kitiuen  tienaua.  dafiaseak  |  bofioma  epita  fiinida  | 
pun^iata  penenaua.  seirama  gasuala  |  gexli  kiiak  tienaua 
kiaida  I  mba  fiitanie  ? 


4.  reiliu  karatieak 

menia  |  reiliu  karatiekata  |  minisiu  setuluenaua.  eigolio 
I  ape  rate  minis luq  uage  noua  |  uena  paitakut  jeftdumakut 
seti  ajaualui.  amiai  |  taitiai  |  putai  (  duai  |  eike  iniaua, 
eigolio  irjigiriisikaireoi. 

taitia  topiiak  daigana  iniaua.  ea  |  atioraloisue 
uelaiua  balanaua.  gseinu-lamea  uai'diuela  iniaua.  boinikia 
laqin  tiaigana  inia  fiaeti  |  balaipar).  se  c^aneila  redia 
sedaseda  iniaua. 


24       A  COLLOQUIAL  SINHALESE  READER 

The  boy  |  on  the  mattress  |  is  kneeling.  To  push  the 
train  |  he  seems  to  be  trying.  He  also  |  has  a  hat  on. 
Trousers  and  coat  |  he  is  wearing ! 

The  girl  has  no  "  ofiario."  ^  On  her  hands  no  bracelets. 
In  her  ears  no  earrings.  This  railway  carriage  |  from 
those  in  our  Ceylon  |  is  somewhat  different. 

The  mother  loves  the  children  very  much.  The 
children  listen  to  what  the  mother  says. 


5.  An  Elephant 

Here  is  an  elephant  and  |  a  little  child.  The  child  | 
is  sleeping  on  the  ground.  To  the  child  a  piece  of  cloth 
I  is  put  on  ! 

On  the  elephant's  trunk  |  broken  from  a  tree  |  a 
branch  also  is. 

It  with  it  I  the  flies  that  come  to  rest  on  the  child's 
body  I  drives  away.  The  child  having  raised  one  hand  | 
with  the  elephant's  trunk  |  is  trying  to  play. 

The  elephant's  large  ear  and  |  small  eye  and  |  its  long 
tusk  I  appear  to  us. 

To  the  elephant  |  how  many  tusks  are  there  ?  How 
many  eyes  1     How  many  ears  ?     How  many  legs  ? 

There  appear  to  us  |  one  tusk,  one  ear  and  one  eye  | 
only.     The  child's  two  hands,  and  two  legs  |  appear  to  us. 

The  sky,  the  grass,  a  small  "deiuaile,"^  |.also  three 
coconut  trees  |  appear  to  us.  The  elephant  and  child 
are  in  the  foreground.  The  "  deiuaile  "  and  trees  are  |  a 
very  long  way  off.  More  than  the  "  deioaile "  and  the 
trees  |  the  elephant  appears  to  be  tall.  That  is  |  because 
it  is  near. 

1  See  note  2,  p.  20. 
"^  A  particular  kind  of  temple. 


TEXTS  25 

pirimi  lamea  |  metie  urdd  \  danegafiagana  iniaua.    reihua 
taliukorala     arin:*d8  |  ea    useiaqkaranaua     uagei.      eait 
topiiak   damaigona    inioua.      kalisomakut    koitiekakut 
sendola  tienia. 

gseinu-lameata  ofioriak  nae.  ate  uablut  nae.  kaquala 
arur):g8lut  nae.  me  reiliu  karatie  |  ape  larjkaiue  eiuata 
ua*da  I  tikak  uenesi. 

amia  lamainta  bofioma  aidarei.  amia  kiand  de  lamai 
afianoua. 


5.  setek 

fmenia  aetekut  |  po*di  lameikut.  lamea  |  bima  nidaigana 
iniaua.     lameata  redi  kaeiliokut  |  anidoua  tienia. 

setaige  fioii'dauaele  |  gafiakiij  ka*da:gat  |  atiakut  tienaua. 

u  eikeij  I  lameage  seijge  uafiani'da  en9  maesiar)  |  elauanoua. 
lamea  eka  atak  usia  |  setaige  fion'deuselat  ekia  |  seliaq- 
karani'da  fiadanoua. 

setaige  loku  kanat  |  pun^i  sefiset  |  uge  diga  sudu  daleat 
(  apata  penenaua. 

setaita  |  dala  kiiak  tienauaida  1  aes  kiiada  1  kaq  kiiada  ? 
kakul  kii9d9  ? 

apata  penenie  |  eko  daleikut  eka  kanokut  eka  sefisekut  | 
pam9nai.  lameage  at  dekat  kakul  dekat  |  apata  pene- 
naua. 

afiasat  tanakolat  pun^i  deiuailekut  |  e  sera  polgas 
tunakut  |  apata  penenaua.  setait  lameat  inie  |  laqgai. 
deiuailet  gasut  tienie  |  fiuijgak  seitai.  deiuailetat  gas- 
ualatat  ua*da  |  seta  usaua  uage  penenaua.  e  |  u'larjgii]  inia 
nisai. 


26       A  COLLOQUIAL  SINHALESE  READER 


6.  A  Railway  Station 

Here  is  a  railway  station.  Under  the  bridge  |  how 
the  train  comes  |  look.  Three  carriages,  one  engine  | 
there  are.     It  is  not  a  very  long  train. 

Till  the  train  comes  people  |  are  looking  on,  on  the 
platform.  Some  people  |  are  standing.  Some  |  are  walk- 
ing. Yet  others  |  are  sitting.  Let  us  count  and  see. 
Three  gentlemen,  two  ladies,  a  small  child  and  a  baby. 

There,  a  gentleman  |  because  he  is  late  |  is  coming  up 
running.  To  get  into  this  |  will  it  be  difficult  for  the 
gentleman  ?  Till  the  next  train  comes  |  on  the  platform  | 
will  he  have  to  walk  up  and  down  ? 

Over  the  top  of  the  door  of  that  room  |  "Porters' 
Room  "  I  painted  |  you  see  is  it  not  ?  A  porter  is  |  the 
station  coolie.  There  a  porter  |  is  coming  dragging  some 
boxes. 

On  the  top  of  the  door  of  another  room  |  "Ticket 
Office"  I  is  painted.  Men  having  gone  into  it  |  take 
tickets.  There  |  two  gentlemen  |  having  taken  tickets  | 
are  coming  out  of  the  room. 


7.  The  Jackal  and  the  Crabs 

One  day  |  a  jackal  on  the  embankment  of  a  tank  |  was 
crying.  Having  dug  holes  in  the  embankment  |  being  in 
them  I  some  crabs  having  heard  this  crying  |  having  come 
out  I  "Why  are  you  crying?"  |  they  asked. 

"  My  kinsmen  having  driven  me  away  from  the  forest  | 
how  can  I  be  without  crying  1  Where  shall  I  now  live  1  *' 
the  jackal  sobbing  cried.  Then  the  crabs  |  "Why  did 
they  drive  you  from  the  forest  1 "  |  asked.  The  jackal 
to  it  [i.e,  their  question]  thus  answered  :  "  Because  I  said 
I  could  not  go  with  them  to  catch  crabs  |  they  drove 
me  away." 


TEXTS  27 


6.  reiliu  isteisamak 

reiliu  isteisamak  memo,  pailamo  jatirj  |  re:l:u9  en8 
fiseti  I  balaipaij.  karat:9  tunai,  en^iq  ekai  |  tienie.  eiko 
uae^ie  diga  reiliuak  neuei. 

reihua  ena  kam  minisiu  |  paelaetFoime  \rdd  balaigano 
in:9ua.  samafiara  denek  |  fiitogsna  in:9ua.  samafiara 
denek  |  seuidinaua.  tauat  ajaual  |  ind9g9n9  iniaua.  balan:'d9 
ganaijk9r9mu.  mafiatiuru  tunidenai  |  no:nau9ru  denial  | 
po'di  lameai  |  beibi. 

an:9  |  ek9  mafiatieik  |  parakiuuela  nisa  |  du9g9na 
enara.  me:k9*t9  naegen:'d9  |  mafiat:eat9  amairu  ue:uid9  ? 
anit  re:l:u9  en9-kar]  |  paelaetFOime  |  fiakmar)  k9ran:'d9 
i5e:uid9  ? 

ar9  ka:m9re  uluafiau  pa*die  |  "po:t9rlage  ka:m9re" 
kia  I  gafiala  tien9ua  |  mb9la:*t9  penen9ua  ne:d9  1  po:t9r 
kianie  |  is'te:s9me  kulikaireatai.  an:9  po:t9rkenek  | 
baxiupetn  8ed9g9n9  3an9ua. 

tauat  ka:m9re:k9  uluasie  |  "tiksetiu  ka:in9re"  kia 
gafiala  tienia.  minisiu  eik9t9  gifiir)  |  tiksetiu  gani9ua. 
ani9  I  mafiatiuru  deniek  |  tiksetiu  araq  |  kaim9re  iiidgla 
eli9t9  en9ua. 


7.  nariai  kakuluoi 

dau9sakda  |  nariek  useu  kanixiiak  u*d9  |  an*d9an'xia  unia. 
kani'die  ual  fiairag9n9  |  eiua  getule  fiiti  |  kakuluanit9  me 
aefi*diim9  aefiila  |  ur)  ifi9l9*t9  seuit  |  sei  mb9  an'danie  ki9la  | 
sefiua. 

mae  nseidseijo  maiU9  kselerj  eleuaim9  |  mat  a  naiii'da 
ini'd9  puluanid9?  mag  itir)  inie  kofieid9  ki9la  (  naria 
ikigagafia  9en*dua.  et9kot9  kakuluo  |  sei  eigolio  mb9U9 
kseleij  eleue  kia  |  sefiua.  naria  |  ii*t9  mefiema  uti9r9dunia. 
eigoliar)  eki9  kakuluaq  aliani'dg  jani'da  mata  bse  kiuaim9  | 
maiU9  eleua,  ja  kiala. 


28       A  COLLOQUIAL  SINHALESE  READER 

"  Oh,  good,  kind-hearted  jackal.  You  stay  here.  We 
will  protect  you  "  |  the  crabs  said.  The  jackal  agreed  to 
this  I  and  stayed  there. 

On  the  following  night  the  moon  shone  brightly.  The 
jackal  I  suggested  a  walk  in  the  moonlight.  They  said, 
"  Oh  dear,  we  are  afraid  to  go  beyond  where  we  could 
see  our  holes." 

Then  the  jackal  said  |  "  Do  not  be  afraid,  I  shall 
protect  you."  Then  all  of  them  |  went  for  a  walk  in  the 
forest.  Having  gone  under  a  tree  |  having  stopped  a 
little  I  the  jackal  began  to  howl.  Then  a  crowd  of  its 
kinsmen  |  came  there.  All  the  jackals  having  joined 
together  |  having  caught  the  poor  crowd  of  crabs  |  ate 
them  all  leaving  none. 

8.  The  Metal-worker  and  the  Bracelet 

When  silver  was  given  for  making  articles  |  by  mixing 
much  copper  |  a  habit  of  cheating  |  many  metal-workers 
have. 

"Make  a  bracelet  of  pure  silver."  |  One  day  |  his 
mother  entrusted  silver  to  a  silversmith.  "You  are 
my  mother  who  loves  me.  Then  |  with  regard  to  your 
bracelet  |  can  I  cheat  1 "  the  son  said. 

A  few  days  afterwards  |  the  metal-worker  went  and 
gave  to  his  mother  a  heavy  bracelet  of  silver.  But  that 
night,  no  sleep  came  to  him.  To  the  habit  of  cheating  | 
should  one  say  how  far  he  had  become  a  slave  |  while 
making  the  article  |  he  forgot  the  love  he  had  for  his 
mother.  Now  when  he  remembers  his  cheating  |  no  sleep 
comes  to  him. 

Immediately  in  the  night,  having  gone  to  his  work- 
shop, I  without  mixing  any  copper  at  all  |  he  again  made 
a  fine  silver  bracelet.  On  the  following  day,  having  put 
this  bracelet  on  his  mother^s  hand,  |  he  took  the  other 
bracelet  and  went  away.  Afterwards  |  having  a  good 
conscience  |  he  was  able  to  sleep  in  the  night. 


TEXTS  29 

ane:  siideiui  fionda  fiitak  aeti  naria.  mbo  mefie  iildiq. 
api  mbaua  airasiakaranija  kia  |  kakuluo  kiua.  naria 
eikata  ksematiuela  |  etana  unia. 

pasienida  raitrie  fiaiida  fiondata  pseiua.  naria  |  fiaiida- 
paine  seuidini'da  ]an:*da  kataikala.  ur)  kiua  |  ane  api 
ualaual  nepenana  dura  ]an:'da  bajai  kia. 

naria  etakota  kiua  |  bajauenixia  epa,  mar)  mbalaiua 
praueisiar)  karanija  kiala.  iita  pasie  seirama  ekia  |  ksele 
2euidin:*da  gia.  gafiak  jatata  gifiir)  |  tikak  nasDatunaima  | 
naria  fiu:kian:"da  patarjigatia.  etakota  uge  nseidaeijo 
ran^uak  |  etenita  a:ra.  nari  seirama  ekiafiuuela  |  dupiat 
kakuluan  tika  aliagana  |  ekekuat  nseira  kaeiua. 


8.  ba*da:lai  ualaliai 

ba'du  fisediimata  ridi:  duniaima  |  tamba  fiurjgak 
misiarakara  |  uan^aikarana  siritak  |  noek  ba*dal  mini- 
siurjige  tienaua. 

tanikara  ridiiei]  ualaliak  fiadani'da  kia  |  dauasakda  | 
ba'dal  minifiekuta  eae  mau  ridi:  bairadunia.  "  mba  mata 
aidare  aeti  mae  amiai.  itiq  |  mbe  ualalia  gaenat  |  uan^a:- 
karani-da  mata  puluanida  1 "     kia  |  puta  kiua. 

tika  dauasakata  pasie  |  bara  ridi:  ualahak  ba'da:la 
tama:ge  mauta  gifiin  dun:a.  numut  eda  rae  ea:ta  ninidagie 
nae.  uan^a:keri:me  purud:ata  |  ko^:ara  ua:luela  fiitiada 
kiuot  I  ba*dua  fiadanakota  |  amiata  tibuna  a:daret  mata- 
kanaetiuuna.    daer)  uan^a:ua  sifiiuenakota  |  nin:dajan:e  nae. 

euale:ma  rae  pat:ale:ta  gifiin  |  tamba  po'd:akuat  mufiu- 
nokara  |  fiofida  ridi:  ualahak  a:et  fiaedua.  pas:en:da  me 
i5alal:a  am:age  ate  damala  |  anit  ualaha  arar)  a:ua.  i:ta- 
pasie  I  fionda  fiardasa:ksiak  aetua  |  rae:ta  nida:gan:x[a 
puluarjuuna. 


30       A  COLLOQUIAL  SINHALESE  READER 


9.  Water 

Water  to  us  even  more  than  fire  |  is  needful.  For 
drinking,  cooking,  bathing,  washing  clothes  and  that 
kind  of  thing  |  we  need  it.  Without  water  |  rice  being 
boiled  does  not  become  "  bat."  ^  Even  for  baking  bread, 
even  for  keeping  our  bodies  clean  |  it  cannot  be  without 
it.  Besides,  |  for  farmers  to  farm,  |  water  is  certainly 
necessary. 

It  is  by  rain  |  that  the  land  receives  water.  In  Ceylon, 
in  the  northern  and  eastern  provinces  |  rain  is  very 
scarce.  In  the  districts  which  have  hills  rain  is  more 
abundant. 

By  the  flowing  away  of  rain-water  |  rivers  and  streams 
are  formed.  For  farming  |  rain-water  is  collected  in 
tanks.  When  rain-water  has  soaked  into  the  ground  | 
springs  are  formed  by  it.  Water  comes  to  wells  |  from 
springs. 

People  bathe  in  rivers,  streams  and  ponds.  They  wash 
clothes.  They  take  the  water  from  wells  for  drinking. 
Having  pipes  |  the  tanks  made  for  conducting  water  to 
cities  I  are  kept  clean;  if  one  should  bathe  and  wash 
clothes  in  them  |  great  hindrances  would  arise  to  the 
health  of  people.  Often  |  when  the  hot  season  becomes 
longer  than  is  usual  |  wells,  tanks,  ponds  being  exhausted  | 
famines  arise. 

1  Ordinary  boiled  rice. 


TEXTS  31 


9.  uatura 


uatura  apata  ginidarotat  vards.  \  oinokaranaua.  boni'da  | 
u]an:*da  |  nainitia  |  redi  apuhani'da  |  janaidi  deiualualata 
I  apata  eika  o:na.  uatura  nsetua  |  fiail  tsemibila  bat  uenie 
nae.  paim  pulusiani'dauat  |  ape  saeriira  pirisiftdua  tia:- 
gan:*dauat  |  e:ka  nsetua  bae.  eiaera  |  goianta  goitsei]- 
karan:*da  |  uatura  oinamai. 

usefii  usesiimen  tamai  |  polauata  uatura  laebenie.  laq- 
kaiue  I  uturu  naegenaira  palaitualata  |  uarusaiua  bofioma 
fiiqgai.     kaiidu  tiena  palaitualata  usefii  U8e*di. 

ugefii  uatura  galaijseimei]  |  gaijiga  |  ojaral  |  fisedenaua. 
goitaem  pinisa  |  uaeuuala  uaefii  uatura  ekiafiaukara  tienaua. 
usefii  uatura  polauata  biigatiaima  |  eiij  ulpat  fiaedenaua. 
lirjualata  uatura  unanie  |  ulpatualinui. 

minisiu    garjiga    ojaual     pokunuuala    nainaua.      redi 
apuhanaua.     liquala  uatura  boni'da  ganiaua.    paipia  dama  | 
nuaraualualata  uatura  gseniimata  fiada  tiena  uaeu  |  pirisi 
ildua  tiaiganiaua;    eiuae  nainixia  |  redi  soidani'da  giot 
minisiuijige  saniipeta  loku  baida  paemineiui.     noekuita 
griismakaile     oinauaita    ua-da     dikunaima  |  liq  |  ueeu 
pokunu  fiiiidi  |  saigata  fiataganiaua. 


VOCABULARY 


The  alphabetical  order  of  the  phonetic  symbols  is,  a,  a,  a,  »,  b, 
d,  -d,  <%,  e,  a,  f,  g,  ^,  i,  j,  k,  1,  m,  n,  g,  o,  p,  r,  s,  t,  t,  tf,  u, 

V.     (The  long  sounds  are  placed  before  the  corresponding  short 
sounds.) 

In  the  vocabulary  are  given  after  each  noun  its  plural,  and 
after  most  verbs  their  principal  parts,  viz.  the  past  tense  and 
the  past  participle. 


axdare,  love 

aiet,  again 

airasiaikeranaua,  I  protect 

aiua,  came 

adinaua,  sedia,  aedela,  I  pull 

afianaua,    sefiseua,    afiala,    I 

ask 
afiasa,  afiasaual,  sky 
aja,  ajaual,  person 

aliaganiaDa,  aliagatia,  aha- 

gana,  I  hold 
alianaDa,  seliua,  alia,  I  catch 
amia,  amiala,  mother 
amairu,  difficult 
anidauanaua,  senideua,  an:- 

dauala,  I  dress  (another) 
an:a,  there 
addinaua,  seii:da,  sefidala,  I 

dress 


33 


an*daan-da,  crying 
anxlanaua,  seii'dua,   anxlala, 

I  cry 
ane:,  oh  dear 
anidienia,  the  other  two 
anit,  the  other 
ape,  our 
apata,  to  us 
api,  we 
apuhanaDa,  sepuhua,  apuha- 

la,  I  wash  clothes 
arai),  having  taken 
ara,  that 

aragana,  having  taken 
aruijigale,  aruijigala,  earring 
at:a,  atu,  branch 
atioraloisua,        at:oralo:su, 

watch 
ata,  at,  hand 
atarei),  from  among 

D 


34        A  COLLOQUIAL  SINHALESE  READER 


ae,  she 

SBdaseda,  pulling 

sedagana,  pulling 

aege,  hers 

defise,  aes,  eye 

sefienaua,  aefluna,  se&ila,  I  hear 

aefiua,  I  asked 

sei,  why 

»£idala,  having  dressed 

sefiduma,  aUdum,  dress 

SBft-di:m9,  the  crying 

aen-dua,  I  cried 

aeijga,  aeflgsual,  body 

aeta,  aetiu,  elephant 

aeti,  having 

aetua,  having 

aetula,  inside 

aetulDenaua,  I  enter 

aera,  besides 

aeuidinaua,  aeuid:a,  aBi}idala, 

I  walk 
asDit,  having  come 

ba:daiua,    baidaiual,    hind- 
rance 
baina,  bainaDal,  a  pair 
bairadenaua,  I  entrust 
ba-daila,      ba-dal:u,     metal- 
worker 
ba-dua,  ba-du,  article,  thing 
ba*dupet:ia,  baxlupetn,  box 
baja,  fear 
bajauenaDa,  I  fear 
balaiganiaua,  I  see,  look  after 
balanaua,   baelua,   balala,    I 

see,  look 
bandinaua,  baen:da,  baendala, 

I  tie 
bai):gala:i}a,      bai)igdla:ual, 
bungalow 


bara,  heavy 

barakaratie,  a  cart  drawn  by 

two  bulls 
bae,  cannot 
baendala,  having  tied 
beibi,  beibila,  baby 
biiganiaDa,  I  drink  up 
bima,  bii),  ground 
bitiia,  bitii,  wall 
boinikia,  bo:nik:o,  doll 
bofioidena,  many  persons 
bofioma,  much 
bonava,  biua,  biila,  I  drink 

daiganiaua,  I  put  on 
dafiasea,  sixteen 
dalea,  dala,  tusk 
damipaita,  purple  coloured 
dama:gaii:a\}a,  I  put  on 
damanaua,   daemia,  damala, 

I  put 
danagafiaganiaua,  I  kneel 
dauasakda,  one  day 
dauasa,  dauas,  day 
de:,  deiual,  thing 
deiDaile,  deiuailaual,  temple 
deka,  two  (things) 
denia,  two  (persons) 
dena,  people 

denaDa,  dun:a,  di:la,  I  give 
depaetie,  on  the  two  sides 
-da  {interrog.  partic.) 
diga,  long 
difia,  towards 
dua,  duiuaru,  daughter 
duagana,  running 
dumibara,  name  of  a  district 
dunia,  I  gave 
dupiat,  poor 
dura,  far 


VOCABULARY 


35 


cfeaneile,  cfeanexla,  window 

ei,  that,  those 

e:ka,  eiua,  it 

eigoho,  they 

eiua,  those  things 

ea,  eigolio,  he 

eda,  that  day 

efiaig,  away  from 

eig,  from  it 

ekiafiukaranaua,  I  collect 

ekiafiuuenaua,  gather  together 

(intrans.) 
ekienek,  one  person 
ekia,  with 
-ek,  a 
eka,  one 

eleua,  I  drove  off 
elauanaDa,  eleua,  elduala,  I 

drive  off 
eliata,  out 
elua,  eluo,  goat 
elupsetia,  elupaetio,  kid 
end^irjieka,  en(%ig,  engine 
enaua,  aiua,  aeuit,  I  come 
epa,  do  not 
epita,  far 
etenta,  thither 
etana,  there 
etakota,  then 
eualeima,  at  once 

ga:la,  having  rubbed 
gamaua,  gseiua,  gaxla,  I  rub 
gafia,  gas,  tree 
gaJ&anaDa,  gsefiseua,  gafiala, 

I  strike 
gan:ava,   gat:a,   aragana,   I 

take 
ganapkaranaua,  I  count 


ga^ga,  gapxga,  river 
gsemu,  female 
gsena,  about 
gaeniima,  the  taking 
ge-dia,  gexli,  nut,  fruit 
ge:,  geual,  house 
genajanaua,  I  take  away 
gia,  I  went 
gihil),  having  gone 
ginidara,  fire 
giot,  if  one  should  go 
goija,  goijo,  farmer 
goitsema,  farming 
gona,  goD,  bull 
gri:smaka:le,  hot  season 

fia:l,  boiled  rice 
fia:raganxaua,  I  dig  for  myself 
fiadanaua,  fisedua,  fiadala,  I 

try,  make 
fiaja,  six 
fiakmapkaranaua,  I  walk  up 

and  down 
fianda,  fiaiidaual,  moon 
fiaiidapaina,  moonlight 
fiataganiara,  arise 
fisedenaDa,  fiaeduna,  fisedila, 

I  become 
fisediima,  the  making 
fisetie,    fisetia,    a    Sinhalese 

lady's  dress 
fiseti,  manner,  how 
fiardasaiksia,  conscience 
fiin:da,  because 
fiindenava,  fiinduna,  fiindila, 

be  exhausted 
fii^ga,  scarce 
fiita,  fiitaual,  heart 
fiita,  from 
fiitagan:ava,  I  sUnd 


36       A  COLLOQUIAL  SINHALESE  READER 


fiitinaua,     fiitia     or    un:a, 

fiitala,  I  am,  stop 
fionda,  good 
fio6data,  well 
fion-dausela,     fion-ddDselaval, 

trunk  of  an  elephant 
fiuikianeDa,  I  howl 
fiu^ga,  many,  much 

iita,  to  it 

iitapasie,  afterwards 

-i,  is 

ifialate,  up 

ikigagafia,  sobbing 

in:^a,  to  be 

iniaua,  unia  or  fiitia,  fiitala, 

I  am 
indala,  from 
indaganiaua,  I  sit 
indil),  be  (imperat) 
ii):girisikairea,    ir):girisika:- 

reo,  Englishman 
isteisama,  isteisag,  station 
itii),  them 

janaidi,  that  kind  of 
janaua,  gia,  giMi),  I  go 
jatata,  to  under 
jatig,  under 
-ja  =  inverted  commas 

kaimare,  kaimara,  room 
ka-daiganiaua,  I  break  off 
kakula,  kakul,  leg 
kakulua,  kakuluo,  crab 
kanida,  kaiidu,  hill 
kan:*dia,  kanitii,  hillock,  edge 
kana,  kaij,  ear 
kanaua,  kseiua,  kaila,  I  eat 
kai),  until 


kalisama,  kalisai),  trousers 
karat:e,  karatiaual,  cart 
kata:karanaDa,  I  talk 
ksB:l:a,  kseili,  piece 
kseiua,  I  ate 
kaele,  kaela,  forest 
kaemati,  is  wishing 
kaematiuenaua,  I  agree 
kenek,  one  (person) 
karanaDa,  kala,  karala,  I  do 
kiie,  how  many 
kia,  kiala  =  inverted  commas 
kianaDa,  kiua,  kiala,  I  say 
kitiua,  near 
kitiuei),  near  by 
kiuot,  should  one  say 
koitieka,  koit,  coat 
kofie,  where  ? 
kole,  kola,  leaf 
-kota,  when 
ko^iara,  how  much 
kuili,  coolie,  labourer 

lamea,  lamai,  child 
laijkaiua,  Ceylon 
lagga,  laflgii),  near  by 
las: ana,  beautiful 
Isebenaua,  Isebuna,  Isebila,  it 

is  received 
linda,  lii),  well 
loku,  large 

mafiatiea,  mafiatiuru,  gentle- 
man 
mai),  I 

matakansetikaranaua,  I  forget 
mau,  mauuaru,  mother 
mae,  my 

maesia,  maesio,  fly 
mba,  you 


VOCABULARY 


37 


me:,  this,  these 

meika,  meiua,  this,  these 

mefie,  here 

mefiems,  in  this  way 

menie,  here 

metie,  metia,  mattress 

-ma,  when,  even 

midule,  midul,  garden 

minifia,  minisiu,  man 

misiarakaraneua,  I  mix 

mufiukeranaua,  I  mix 

nain-da,  not  crying 
nainaua,  nsexua,  na:la,  I  bathe 
naria,  nari,  jackal 
nauatinaua,  naeuatuna,  nseva- 

tila,  I  stop 
nsei,  not 

nseidseija,  nseidseijo,  relation 
nseira,  not  leaving 
naegenaire,  east 
nsegenaDa,  naguna,  nsegila, 

I  get  up  into 
nsetua,  without 
nseuatuna,  I  stopped 
neida,  is  it  not  ? 
nepenena,  not  appearing 
nidaiganiaua,  I  sleep 
nil,  blue 

ninidajanaua,  sleep  comes 
nisa,  because 
noma,  noinauaru,  lady 
noek,  many 
noekuita,  often 
noDa,  not 

nuara,  nuaraual,  city 
nuara,  Kandy 
numut,  but 

o:na,  it  is  necessary 
oinakaranaua,  I  need 


ofiarija,  ofiari,  a  cloth  thrown 

over  shoulder 
Oja,  that  person 
oja,  ojaual,  stream 

pailama,  pailag,  bridge 
pari),  bread 
paira,  pairaual,  road 
pazta,  paitaual,  colour 
pa-dia,  pa-di,  step 
paja,  pajaual,  foot 
paipie,  paipia,  pipe 
palaita,  palait,  district 
pamana,  only 
parakiUDenaDa,  I  am  late 
pasie,  after 
pasienida,  on   the   following 

day 
patiale,  patiala,  workshop 
patagiganiaua,  I  begin 
pseiua,  shone 
pselaetFoime,       pselsetFOim, 

platform 
pseminenaua,         pseminuna, 

pseminila,  occur 
paetiakii),  on  a  side 
pgetaua,  psetau,  little  one  (of 

animals) 
pinisa,  for 
pirimi,  male 

pirisiiidua,  in  a  clean  way 
pita,  pitaual,  back 
pitipasiei),  behind 
peralenaua,   peraluna,   pera- 

lila,  I  turn  over 
penenaua,  penuna,  penila,  I 

appear 
poitar,  poitaruaru,  porter 
po-dia,  a  little 
po-di,  small 


38       A  COLLOQUIAL  SINHALESE  HEADER 


pokuna,  pokunu,  pond 

pol,  coconut 

polava,  earth 

puluai),  able 

pulusianaua,    pilisiua,     pu- 

lusiala,  I  bake,  burn 
purudia,  habit 
puta,  putiu,  son 

raitria,  raitri,  night 
ranf  ua,  ran^u,  crowd 
ratu,  red 

rata,  rataual,  country 
rse:,  rsBiual,  night 
redia,  redi,  cloth 
ridi:,  silver 

saigate,  saigata,  famine 

samafiara,  some 

saniipe,  health 

sata,  satiu,  animal 

saeriire,  saeriira,  body 

se:rama,  all 

seliama,  seliai),  play 

siideiui,  kind 

sifiivenaDa,   it   comes   to  my 

mind 
sigfiea,  sigfieo,  lion 
sii)fiadena,  sii)fiaden:u,  lioness 
sigfiapsBtia,  sigfiapsetio,  lion 

cub 
sirita,  sirit,  custom 
soidanava,   seidua,    so:dala, 

I  wash 
sudu,  white 

taitia,  taitiala,  father 
taliukaranaua,  I  push 
tamaige,  his 


tamai  (emphatic  partic.) 

taiuba,  brass 

tanakole,  tanakola, 

tanikara,  alone 

taDat,  more 

tsemibenaDa,         t»m:buna, 

tsemibila,  I  boil 
tsembili,  kind  of  coconut 
tiinta,  ink,  paint 
tiaiganiaua,  I  keep 
tienaua,    tibuna,    tibila,    is 

(referring  to  things) 
topiia,  topii,  hat 
tunxdena,  three  persons 
tuna,  three 

tikaetiua,  tiksetiu,  ticket 
tika,  a  little 

ui,  Uij,  it  (of  animals) 
U'da,  up 

uxlarata,  up-country 
ujanaua,  iua,  ujala,  I  cook 
ulpata,  ulpat,  spring 
uluasia,   uluafiau,   top   of  a 

door 
una,  was 

UIJ,  they  (of  animals) 
usianaua,  isiua,  usiala,  I  lift 
usa,  tall 

utiaradenava,  I  answer 
-ut,  and 
Uturu,  north 

vai-diuenaua,  I  sit 
vaigeak,  some 

uailuenaua,  I  become  a  slave 
ua-da,  more 


VOCABULARY 


39 


Dage,  as 

vafianaua,  DSBfiseua,  Dafiala, 

settle  upon 
Dafinava,  Dses:a,  Dsefisela,  it 

rains 
ualalze,  valalu,  bracelet 
uale,  ual,  hole 
valge,  ualga,  tail 
uan^aiue,  Dan^a,  deceit 
Dan^aikeriima,  cheating 
uan^aikaranaua,  I  cheat 
Danisa:u9,  rain 


-uat,  even 

Datura,  water 

uafii,  rain 

usesiima,  the  raining 

"oseua,  uaeu,  tank 

DeiDida,  will  it  be  ? 

Delaiua,  time 

Denas,  different 

Dena,  other 

uenaDa,  Duna  or  una,  vela  or 

ui,  I  am,  become 
uuna,  I  was 


THE   END 


Printed  by  R.  &  R.  Clark,  Limitbd,  Edinimrgfu 


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No.  XIX.    THE  NAVAL  MUTINIES  OF  1797.    By  C.  Gill.  M.A. 

Two  Maps.     los.  6d.  net. 


THE  MANCHESTER  UNIVERSITY  PRESS        7 
Historical  Series—confim^ed 

No.  XX.  CHRONICA  JOHANNIS  DE   READING   ET  ANONYMI 

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No.  XXI.    THE  PLACE  OF  THE  REIGN    OF    EDWARD  IL  IN 

ENGLISH  HISTORY.     By  Professor  T.  F.  Tout,  M.A.,  F.B.A.     los.  6d.  net. 

No.    XXII.    STUDIES     AND     NOTES     SUPPLEMENTARY    TO 

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M.A.     5s.  net. 

No.    XXIII.     STUDIES     AND     NOTES     SUPPLEMENTARY    TO 

STUBBS'  CONSTITUTIONAL  HISTORY.  Vols.  L  and  IL,  consisting  of 
Nos.  VII.  and  XXII.  of  the  Historical  Series  in  one  vol.     gs.  net. 

No.  XXIV.  GERMANY  IN  THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY.  A 

Second  Series  of  Lectures  by  Professor  A.  S.  Peakk,  Dr  Bernakd  Bosanquet  and 
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No.  XXV.  GERMANY  IN  THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY. 

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No.    XXXI.   THE   CHARTIST   MOVEMENT.     By   Mark   Hovell, 

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Nos.  XXXIII.  AND  XXXIV.  CHAPTERS  IN  THE  ADMINISTRA- 
TIVE HISTORY  OF  MEDIAEVAL  ENGLAND:  The  Wardrobe,  the  Chamber, 
and  the  Small  Seals.    By  Professor  T.  F.  Tout,  M.A.,  F.B.A. 

[  Volumes  I.  and  II.  in  the  Press. 


Lecture  Series 

No.  I.  GARDEN  CITIES   (Warburton   Lecture).  By  the  late  Mr. 

Justice  Neville.    6d.  net. 

No.  II.  THE  BANK  OF   ENGLAND  AND  THE  STATE.     By  Sir 

Felix  Schuster.  {Out  of  print. 


8        SELECTED  LIST  OF  PUBLICATIONS  OF 
Lecture  Series — continued 

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6d.  net. 

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ITS  WORK.     By  Sir  D.  Macalister,  M.D.,  D.C.L.    6d.  net. 

No.  VI.  THE  CONTRASTS  IN  DANTE.  By  the  Hon.  W.  W. 
Vernon,  M.A.    6d.  net. 

No.  VII.  THE  PRESERVATION  OF  PLACES  OF  INTEREST  OR 
BEAUTY.     By  Sir  Robert  Hunter.    6d.  net. 

No.  VIII.  ON  THE  LIGHT  THROWN  BY  RECENT  INVESTIGA- 
TIONS ON  ELECTRICITY  ON  THE  RELATION  BETWEEN  MATTER  AND 
ETHER  (Adamson  Lecture).     By  Sir  J.  J.  Thomson,  O.M.,  D.Sc,  F.R.S.    6d.  net. 

No.  IX.  HOSPITALS,  MEDICAL  SCIENCE  AND  PUBLIC  HEALTH. 
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No.  X.  ENGLISH  POETRY  AND  GERMAN  PHILOSOPHY  IN 
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No.  XII.  LEIBNIZ  AS  A  POLITICIAN  (Adamson  Lecture).  By 
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Nos.  XIII.  and  XIV.  OLD  TOWNS  AND  NEW  NEEDS,  by  Paul 
Waterhouse,  M.A.,  F.R.I.B.A.,  and  THE  TOWN  EXTENSION  PLAN,  by 
Raymond  Unwin,  F.R.I.B.A.  (Warburton  Lectures).     Illustrated,     is.  net. 

No.  XV.  UNIVERSITY  EDUCATION  FOR  WOMEN.  By  Mrs 
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No.  XVI.  THE  DISTINCTION  BETWEEN  MIND  AND  ITS 
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THE  MANCHESTER  UNIVERSITY  PRESS       9 
Lecture  Series — continued 

No.  XX.  LEARNERS  AS  LEADERS.  By  Professor  H.  Spenser 
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No.  XXI.  MODERN  METHODS  IN  THE  TREATMENT  OF 
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Medical  Series 

No.  I.  SKETCHES  OF  THE  LIVES  AND  WORK  OF  THE  HONOR- 
ARY MEDICAL  STAFF  OF  THE  MANCHESTER  INFIRMARY.  From  1752  to 
1830.     By  E.  M.  Brockbank,  M.D.,  M.R.C.P.     Twenty-nine  Illustrations.     15s.net. 

No.  III.  HANDBOOK  OF  SURGICAL  ANATOMY.  By  G.  A. 
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No.  IV.  COURSE  OF  INSTRUCTION  IN  OPERATIVE  SURGERY. 

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No.  VI.  CATALOGUE  OF  THE  PATHOLOGICAL  MUSEUM  OF 
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I  OS.  6d.  net. 

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No.  XI.  SEMMELWEIS:    HIS  LIFE  AND  HIS  DOCTRINE.     By 

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AGE.     By  C.  Paget  Lapage,  M.D.,  M.R.C.P.        {Second  Edition  in  Preparation. 

No.  XIV.  DISEASES  OF  THE  NERVOUS  SYSTEM.     By  Judson 

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10      SELECTED  LIST  OF  PUBLICATIONS  OF 
Modern  Language  Texts 

Under  the  General  Editorship  of 
L.  E.  Kastner,  M.A.,  Professor  of  French  Language  and  Literature  in 

the  University  of  Manchester. 

W.  P.  Ker,  M.A.,  Professor  of  English  Literature  in  the  University  of 

London ;  and 

J.  G.  Robertson,  M.A.,  Ph.D.,  Professor  of  German  Language  and 

Literature  in  the  University  of  London. 

For  many  years  past,  University  teachers  of  Modern  Languages  have 
felt  the  need  for  a  series  of  Modern  Language  Texts  prepared  primarily 
for  the  use  of  students  in  English-speaking  Universities.  In  the  past, 
recourse  has  been  made  to  the  publications  of  foreign  countries,  but  now 
with  the  sources  of  supply  cut  off,  a  real  difficulty  is  experienced  in  obtain- 
ing texts  adapted  to  the  use  of  University  classes.  The  present  series 
marks  an  attempt  to  fill  this  void.  The  object  of  the  series  is  to  provide 
carefully  edited^  accurate  and  reliable  texts  which  will  be  furnished  with 
literary  and  critical  Introductions  and  elucidatory  notes.  These  latter 
will  be  as  restricted  as  possible.  A  critical  bibliography  will  be  a  feature 
of  each  volume. 

The  following  volumes  are  ready  : — 
Rousseau.    DU  CONTRAT  SOCIAL.    Edited  by  Emeritus  Professor 

C.  E.  Vaughan,  M.A.     5s.  net. 

LE  MYSTERE  D'ADAM.     Edited  by  Professor  Paul  Studer.  M.A., 

D.  LiTT.     4$.  6d.  net. 

Goethe.    TORQUATO  TASSO.    Edited  by  Professor  J.  G.  Robert- 
son, M.A.,  Ph.D.    5S.  net. 

Alfred   de  Vigny.    POEMES   CHOISIS.    Edited   by   E.   Allison 

Peers,  M.A.    3s.  6d.  net. 

Edward  Young.    CONJECTURES  ON  ORIGINAL  COMPOSITION. 

Edited  by  Professor  Edith  Morley,  M.A.    4s.  6d.  net. 

The  following  are  in  active  preparation : — 
Pascal.    LETTRES  PROVINCIALES.    Edited  by  H.  F.  Stewart, 

D.D.  [In  the  Press. 

AUCASSIN   ET  NICOLETTE.     {Third  edition.)    Edited   by   F.  W. 

BOURDILLON,  M.A. 

A.  Dumas  pere.     HENRI  III.     Edited  by  J.  G.  Anderson. 

J.  MiCHELET.     JEANNE  D'ARC.     Edited  by  Professor  G.  Rudler, 

D.-es-L. 

Paul  Louis   Courier.      A    SELECTION    FROM    THE    WORKS. 

Edited  by  Professor  E.  Weekley,  M.A. 

B.  Constant.    ADOLPHE.    Edited  by  Professor  G.  Rudler,  D.-es-L. 
P.  Corneille.     la  GALERIE  DU  PALAIS.     Edited  by  Professor 

T.  B.  Rudmose-Brown,  M.A. 

Etc.,  Etc.,  Etc. 


THE  ]\L\NCHESTER  UNIVERSITY  PRESS      11 
Phonetic  Series 

No.  I.  A  COLLOQUIAL  SINHALESE  READER.  In  Phonetic  Tran- 
scription  by  Daniel  Jones,  M.A.,  and  H.  S.  Perera,  B.A.  [/«  the  Press. 

Physical  Series 

No.  I.  THE  PHYSICAL  LABORATORIES  OF  THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  MANCHESTER.     A  Record  of  Twenty-five  Years'  Work  (1881  to  1906).     Fifteen 
Plates.     5s.  net. 
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By  J.  N.  Pring,  D.Sc.     Twenty-seven  Diagrams.     4s.  net. 

Public  Health  Series 

No.  I.  ARCHIVES  OF  THE  PUBLIC  HEALTH  LABORATORY  OF 
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M.B.,Ch.M.     ;^i,  IS.  net. 

Theological  Series 

No.  I.  INAUGURAL  LECTURES  delivered  during  the  Session  1904- 

1905.     By  the  Members  of  the  Faculty  of  Theology.     Edited  by  Professor  A.  S.  Peake, 
M.A.,  B.D.     2s.  6d.  net. 

No.  II.  THE  ARIAN  MOVEMENT  IN  ENGLAND.     By  the  Rev.  J. 

Hay  Colligan,  M.A.     3s.  6d.  net. 

Works  relating  to  the  University 

THE  UNIVERSITY  CALENDAR.     PubUshed  annually  in  October. 

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SUPPLEMENT  TO  THE  CALENDAR  1917-18.  Bringing  the  informa- 
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THE  OWENS  COLLEGE,  ITS  FOUNDATION  AND  ITS  GROWTH 
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THE    UNIVERSITY    OF    MANCHESTER    MEDICAL    SCHOOL. 

Seventeen  Illustrations.     6d.  net. 

THE    UNIVERSITY    DIARY.      Published    annually    in     October. 

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THE   UNIVERSITY :    an   Impression.     Being  a  reproduction  of  a 

three-colour  drawing  by  H.G.S.  Del6pine.     6d.  net. 

LIST  OF  PAST  AND  PRESENT  MEMBERS  OF  THE  UNIVERSITY 
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ADDRESS  PRESENTED  TO  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  LOUVAIN 
BY  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MANCHESTER.  Written  by  Professors  R.  S.  Conway, 
Litt.D.,  and  W.  B.  Anderson,  M.A.,  D.Lit.     6d.  net. 

A  SELECTION  OF  VERSES  FROM  THE  UNIVERSITY  MAGAZINE, 

1868  to  191 2.     Edited  by  H.  B.  CHARLTON,  M.A.,  and  O.  C.  de  C.  Ellis,  B.Sc, 
with  a  Preface  by  Sir  Alfred  Hopkinson.     4s.  6d.  net. 

THE  REGISTER  OF  GRADUATES  OF  THE  UNIVERSITY  UP  TO 

JULY,  1908.     Paper,  2s.  6d.  net;  cloth,  3s.  6d.  net. 


12      SELECTED  LIST  OF  PUBLICATIONS  OF 
Works  relating  to  the  University— continued 

EXAMINATION  PAPERS  SET  FOR  THE  VARIOUS  DEGREES 
AND  SCHOLARSHIPS  OF  THE  UNIVERSITY  FOR  THE  FOLLOWING 
YEARS  :— 

ScHOLARSHii'S  AND  Prizes,  1912,  13,  14,  15.    9d.  net. 

Faculties  of  Law,  Music  and  Theology,  1912,  13,  14,  15.    gd.  net. 

Entrance  Scholarships,  1912,  13,  16, 18.    9d.  net. 

Faculties  of  Arts  and  Commerce,  1912,  13,  14,  15.    is.  6d.  net. 

Faculty  of  Education,  1912,  13,  14,  15.    6d.  net. 

Faculty  of  Medicine,  1912,  13,  14,  15.     is.  net. 

Faculty  of  Science,  1913,  14,  15.     is.  net. 

Faculty  of  Technology,  1913,  14,  15.     is.  net. 

Faculties  of  Science  and  Technology,  1912.     is.  net. 

Miscellaneous 

BRITAIN'S  CASE  AGAINST  GERMANY.  An  Examination  af  the 
Historical  Background  of  the  German  Action  in  1914.  By  Professor  Ramsay  Muir, 
M.A.     Paper,  2s.  net ;  cloth,  2s.  6d.  net. 

WITH  MANCHESTERS  IN  THE  EAST.     By  Major  G.  B.  Hurst, 

M.A.,  B.C.L.     Illustrated.     2s.  6d.  net. 

AUCASSIN  AND  NICOLETTE.     An  old  French  Love  Story.     The 

French  Version,  with  English  Translation,  Notes,  etc.,  etc.     By  F.  W.  Bourdillon, 
M.A.     3s.  6d.  net.     Second  Edition.    See  also  Modern  Language  Texts,  page  10. 

THE  ELLESMERE  CHAUCER:    Reproduced  in  Facsimile.   £^0  net. 

RUSSIAN  COMMERCIAL  CORRESPONDENCE.     By  A.  S.  Mindel, 

B.Com.     3s.  6d.  net. 

AN  INTRODUCTION  TO  THE  STUDY  OF  GREEK  VASE  PAINT- 
ING.    By  May  A.  B.  Herford,  M.A.     Illustrated.  [/«  the  Press. 

A  CATALOGUE  OF  GREEK  VASES  PRESERVED  IN  MAN- 
CHESTER.    By  May  A.  B.  Herford,  M.A.     Illustrated.  [In  Preparation, 

THE  BOOK  OF  RUTH  (Unpointed  Text),     gd.  net.     Second  edition, 

THE  BOOK  OF  AMOS  (Unpointed  Text).     6d.  net. 

THE  BOOK  OF  JUDGES  (Unpointed  Text),     is.  net. 

THE  SECOND  BOOK  OF  KINGS.     Cap.  15-Cap.  17.     (Unpointed 

Text.)    4d.  net. 

SELECTIONS  FROM  THE  OLD  ENGLISH  BEDE.     By  Professor 

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Printedjrotn  the  above,     is.  3d.  net. 

SHELL   SHOCK   AND    ITS   LESSONS.     By   Professor    G.    Elliot 

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Second  Edition. 

PLANTS  IN  HEALTH  AND  DISEASE.     An  Abstract  of  a  Course 

of  Lectures  to  Allotment  Holders.    By  Professor  F.  E.   Weiss,  D.Sc,  Dr  A.  D.  Imms, 
and  W.  Robinson,  M.Sc.     is.  6d.  net. 

A  POCKET  SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  FAMILIES  OF  BRITISH  FLOWER- 
ING PLANTS  :  Based  upon  the  System  of  Engler.    By  W.  B.  Grove,  M.A.     is.  net. 

MANCHESTER  IN  1915.      Edited  by  H.  M.  McKechnie.      Fifteen 

Illustrations.     Paper,  is.  net ;  cloth,  with  the  Plates  mounted,  2s.  6d.  net. 

MANCHESTER  BABIES'  HOSPITAL,  MEDICAL  REGISTRAR'S 
MONTHLY  REPORTS.     August,  1915,  to  July,  1916.     Paper  covers,  is.  net. 


THE  MANCHESTER  UNIVERSITY  PRESS      13 

Miscellaneous— <r^^//>/2^^^ 

MATERIALS  FOR  THE  STUDY  OF  HEBREW  COMPOSITION. 

Adapted  and  arranged  by  Professor  M.  A.  Canney,  M.A.     is.  net. 

JOURNAL  OF  THE  MANCHESTER  ORIENTAL  SOCIETY,  191 1. 

Illustrated.     5s.  net. 

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SHIPS  AS  EVIDENCE  OF  THE  MIGRATIONS  OF  EARLY  CUL- 

TU  RE.     By  Professor  G.  Elliot  Smith,     is.  net. 

THE  EFFECT  OF  WAR  UPON  ART  AND  LITERATURE.     By 

Lawrence  H award,  M.A.     3d.  net. 

SOUND  AND  SYMBOL.    An  Outline  of  a  Scheme  of  Instruction, 

Introductory  to  School  Courses  in  Modern  Languages,  Shorthand,  etc.     By  Professor 
J.  J.  FiNDLAY,  M.A.,  with  W.  H.  Bruford,  M.A.     is.  net. 

EDUCATIONAL  REFORM.     An  Address  by  the  Right  Hon.  H.  A 
L.  Fisher,  M.P.    2d.  net. 

THE  STORY  OF  THE  FLOOD.    By  Professor  G.  Elliot  Smith. 

[In  Preparation. 

PUBLICATIONS  OF  THE  JOHN  RYLANDS 
LIBRARY 

Catalogues  of  Books  and  Manuscripts  in 
the  Library 

BOOKS  PRINTED  IN  ENGLAND,  SCOTLAND,  AND  IRELAND, 
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THE  COPTIC  MANUSCRIPTS.    By  W.  E.  Crum.     (1909.)    Twelve 

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